Resume
Notre contribution s'appuie sur des travaux de terrain ethnographiques parmi
la population rurale betsileo, avec un interet particulier vis-a-vis des
mpanandro, specialistes traditionnels. II va sans dire que les ancetres
prennent une tres grande importance dans la vie quotidienne des Malgaches
des Hautes Terres. Mais au sein de leur monde («lifeworld»), il existe
6galement des « forces » d'une nature non-domestiquee, aussi bien que des
« choses » ind^terminees {e.g., raha, zavatra). Des rencontres avec de telles
« forces » et «choses », des efforts de les comprendre et meme de les
persuader de satisfaire aux exigences des etres humains ont attire notre
attention dans cet article. Nous maintenons que le vocabulaire traditionnel et
les conceptualisations de « religion » et « magie » ont besoin d'etre remis en
question. Cette remise en question nous aidera a mieux comprendre le
comportement des individus face au monde des forces immanentes et nonanthropomorphiques.
Face a ces forces, les specialistes traditionnels, dans
I'exercice de leur savoir-faire, agissent comme des « audacieux » plutot que
comme des «suppliants». Les specialistes traditionnels, tels que les
mpanandro, meritent d'etre apprecies comme des individus engages, non pas
dans la « replication » mais plutot dans la « re-creation » continue (toujours
syncretique en esprit) des traditions, fideles a « I'esprit des lois » plutot que
scrupuleusement attentifs aux details de regies traditionnelles. Nous
examinons ces caracteristiques et assertions a propos du monde rural
Betsileo a I'aide d'exemples issus des pratiques concretes, poetiques, et
meme parfois humoristiques des mpanandro aussi bien que du commun des
Betsileo.
Mots-cles : magie, religion, «icon et index », orientation des maisons et
tombeaux, « lifeworld », syncretisme.
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Abstract
This contribution is based on ethnographic fieldwork among both rural
populations and ritual specialists {mpanandro) in the Betsileo highland
region of the island. While the ancestors are certainly central forces in the
daily lives of Malagasy highlanders, we are rather interested in encounters
with and attempts to understand and cajole ampral forces of nature and
"things" {e.g., raha, zavatra) that are also parts of these populations'
"lifeworlds". We argue that traditional vocabulary and conceptualizations of
"religion" and "magic" need to be re-examined in order to begin to
appreciate the particular "stance" of individuals in a world of immanent nonanthropomorphic
forces. This is a stance of "audacity" rather than
"supplication" before such forces, particularly as seen in the practices of
ritual specialists. Ritual specialists such as mpanandro need to be understood
as engaged not in "replication", but rather in continual "re-creation" (in some
ways, always syncretic in manner) of tradition where attention is paid to the
"spirit" rather than the "letter of the law". We explore these characterizations
and assertions concerning rural Betsileo "lifeworlds" with examples drawn
from the concrete, poetic, and occasionally humorous practices of ritual
specialists, as well as non-specialists.
Keywords: Magic, Religion, Icon and Index, House and Tomb Orientation,
Lifeworld, Syncretism.
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